Bilateral temporomandibular joint dislocation after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in an intensive care unit patient: a rare complication.

A 60-year-old man, without dental articulation disorders or a history of dislocation of the temporomandibular joint, was admitted to our intensive care unit after surgery for aortic dissection. He had been intubated without complication 4 days earlier. On the day of surgery, he was sedated with midazolam and sufentanyl, and received a neuromuscular blocker. Using a flexible endoscope, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to rule out gastrointestinal bleeding was performed without technical difficulty. Immediately afterwards, examination demonstrated an inability to close the mouth and emptiness of the mandibular fossa. Bilateral temporomandibular joint dislocation (TMJD) was diagnosed and was corrected temporarily using the Nélaton maneuver. A subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan ruled out a fracture of the mandibular arch (●" Fig.1). Complications after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy are scarce (9%) [1]. TMJD is defined as the permanent loss of the normal articular relationship between the temporal eminence and mandibular condyle. The head of the mandibular condyle passes in front of the temporal eminence and cannot return to the glenoid cavity because of protrusion of the temporal eminence and contraction of the masseter muscles. Risk factors for TMJD are a history of dislocations or subluxations of the temporomandibular articulation, occlusal mandibular disorders, and ligament laxity. To the best of our knowledge, only a few TMJDs have been reported after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in ambulant patients [2–5].We report the first case in a patient intubated orotracheally and on prolonged sedation. Proposed risk factors for TMJD during endoscopy include general anesthesia, a hard inflexible mouthpiece, or a history of TMJD [3,6,7]. Here, the use of sedative drugs and neuromuscular blockers probably contributed to it, secondarily to increased laxity. The presence of an endotracheal tube may also exert a downward pressure on the mandible and extend a forced opening of the jaw. When endoscopy is performed on sedated and paralyzed patients, this complication may go undetected. TMJD must be corrected quickly, before the masseter muscle spasm worsens. After a failed correction, a mandibular fracture should be suspected and a CT scan performed [8].